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Basic Elements of Static Relays and Performance of Protective Relays in Power Systems

July 16,2025

Introduction
Static relays have become a key component of modern power system protection technology. Compared to traditional electromagnetic relays, they offer significant advantages in accuracy, response speed, and reliability. This article explores the basic structure of static relays and provides an in-depth analysis of the applications of differential protection, overcurrent protection, and distance protection relays in power systems. Combined with case studies, this article demonstrates the crucial role these technologies play in ensuring stable power grid operation.

Basic Components of Static Relays
Static relays consist of three core components. First, the input element processes the input signal, typically from current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs), through a hybrid circuit. Second, the measuring element, a key component of the relay, analyzes the signal and determines whether to trigger protection. Finally, the output circuit actuates the circuit breaker based on the measurement element's determination. For example, in some power grid applications, even a slight fluctuation in the signal can trigger the relay, preventing equipment damage.

Differential Protection Relays in Power Systems
Differential protection relays determine fault conditions by comparing the currents at both ends of a protected area. During normal operation, currents remain balanced, and the relays do not operate. However, if an internal fault occurs and the balance is disrupted, the relays immediately initiate a trip command. For example, in a 25-kilometer transmission line, communication conductors ensure real-time transmission of current data between both ends, enabling rapid fault detection. Research has shown that differential protection has a success rate of over 95% in detecting internal transformer faults, significantly improving system safety.

Overcurrent Protection Relays in Power Systems
Overcurrent protection relays were one of the earliest widely used protection devices and still play a vital role in distribution systems. They detect faults by detecting whether the current exceeds a set threshold. For single-ended power lines, overcurrent protection is sufficient; however, for dual-ended power lines, they are often combined with directional relays to prevent false tripping. Furthermore, they are often used in conjunction with distance relays to provide layered protection for complex systems. Modern static overcurrent relays offer increased sensitivity and adaptive features, automatically adjusting their operating parameters based on grid operating conditions.

Static Distance Protection Relays
Static distance protection relays determine whether a fault is located within a protected area by measuring the ratio of voltage to current and the phase angle between them. This type of protection doesn't rely on the absolute magnitude of current or voltage, but rather on changes in impedance. For example, when a short circuit occurs at a point in the line, a relay detects the sudden drop in impedance through a comparator and quickly initiates a trip signal. In ultra-high voltage transmission networks, distance protection relays are widely used to prevent large-scale power outages due to their high efficiency and selectivity.

Conclusion
Static relays have demonstrated superior performance in power system protection. Their core components enable efficient signal processing and rapid response. In practical applications, a variety of relays, including differential protection, overcurrent protection, and distance protection, collectively form a comprehensive defense system. This case study demonstrates that these protection devices not only effectively enhance the safety and stability of power systems but also provide a solid foundation for the intelligent and digital development of future power grids.

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